
The appointment of Dame Sarah Mullaly to the historic See of Canterbury in October 2025 has sent shock waves throughout the Anglican Communion. The chair of the Global Anglican Future Conference (GAFCON), Archbishop Laurent Mbanda of Rwanda, in an official communique noted that the decision “abandons global Anglicans.” There is a possibility that when GAFCON meets in Nigeria in March 2026, it will formally break from the Anglican Communion.
[Shortly after this article was posted, GAFCON announced its formal break with the Anglican Communion. See also the informative podcast by Ready to Harvest on the recent GAFCON communique.]
Without doubt, the nomination of a female priest to the highest office of the Anglican Communion is highly controversial. However, her appointment is not all that surprising in light of her high standing as Bishop of London. (The Bishop of London is the third-ranking member in the Anglican Communion after the Archbishop of Canterbury then the Archbishop of York.) It can be expected that the decision will have consequences extending beyond the Anglican Communion to other Christian traditions. How this might affect Orthodoxy is the focus of this blog posting.
Guarding Against False Ecumenism
Historically, the Patriarch of Constantinople has been referred to as the “Ecumenical Patriarch.” The term “ecumenical” means “universal” or “worldwide.” This usage has roots in the Pentarchy, that is, the five patriarchal sees—Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem—that oversaw the Christian Church in the ancient Roman Empire. After the Great Schism of 1054, the Patriarch of Constantinople came to be seen as the spiritual leader and unifying figure for all Eastern Orthodox Christians. Unlike the Pope of Rome, the Patriarch of Constantinople does not claim universal supremacy but is “first among equals.” Any attempt to impute supremacy to the Patriarchate of Constantinople like the Papacy deviates from historic Orthodoxy and implies a potentially dangerous innovation. Historically, Orthodoxy has recognized the Bishop of Rome as first among equals and considers papal supremacy to be an unacceptable innovation.
Likewise, any attempt to redefine the Ecumenical Patriarchate along the lines of the modern ecumenism has dangerous implications for Orthodoxy. In the twentieth century, a Protestant movement emerged known as the ecumenical movement. Its stated goal was not just the uniting of various Protestant denominations, but also Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Roman Catholicism in 1964 embraced this new meaning of “ecumenical” in the decree “Unitatis redintegratio.” In that same year, Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras met at the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem for prayer and exchanged the kiss of peace ostensibly in an attempt to end the Schism of 1054.

The current Patriarch of Constantinople, Bartholomew, has continued to follow the new meaning of “ecumenical” in his meetings with the Pope of Rome and also with the Archbishop of Canterbury. Bartholomew first met Justin Welby, Mullaly’s predecessor, in 2014. After his enthronement as the Archbishop of Canterbury, Welby visited Patriarch Bartholomew in Constantinople. Then in 2015, Welby reciprocated by hosting Bartholomew at Lambeth Palace. In 2015, Welby and Bartholomew held a joint prayer vigil for refugees. These meetings are far from casual, informal encounters. They are carefully choreographed events full of symbolic gestures much like international diplomatic events at the United Nations’ General Assembly. The glamor of these high-profile ecclesiastical affairs can tempt church leaders to make unwarranted concessions all in the name of Christian unity—hence, the need to guard against false ecumenism.
The Future of Anglican-Orthodox Relations

Orthodoxy is far from united on ecumenism. Where some are eager to engage the non-Orthodox, others take a more wary posture. This reluctance stems from their desire to safeguard the Orthodox Faith from innovation and heresy. (For an Orthodox approach to ecumenism that avoids the errors of Western ecumenism see Phillip Calington’s discussion of Saint Justin Popovich’s approach to ecumenism.)
Unlike Western Christianity which has distilled their theology in carefully written documents and precisely worded confessions, Orthodoxy preserves its theology in its Liturgy, the episcopacy, the Ecumenical Councils, and the patristic consensus. One unwritten Tradition has been the all-male episcopacy. Unlike Western Christianity, the notion of women’s ordination has been a non-issue: We’re Orthodox; We don’t change. Where Western Christians often take reason and logic as the starting point for theologizing, in Orthodoxy we understand our faith and practice to be a sacred deposit received from the Apostles and preserved unchanged until the Second Coming. Thus, the Orthodox Church does not feel the need to adjust her faith and practice to contemporary culture. This also means that Orthodox Christians are not obliged to provide a theological rationale for a practice grounded in Apostolic Tradition; however, they are obliged to show that the practice or teaching can be traced back to the early Church. This gives Orthodoxy a stability that is sadly lacking in the West. When one examines the faith and practice of Anglicanism from the 1950s to 2025, one cannot help but be struck by the massive changes in Anglicanism. While it is debatable whether women’s ordination was the start of Anglicanism’s decline into liberalism, it is clear that women’s ordination is not unrelated to the overall liberalization of Anglicanism.
Thus, Sarah Mullaly’s elevation to the See of Canterbury will be highly consequential for Anglican-Orthodox relations. Any indication by Bartholomew of his acceptance of the validity of Mullay’s elevation would imply an acceptance of women’s ordination. Bartholomew’s acceptance of Mullaly’s elevation to the See of Canterbury could happen by his: (1) attending her enthronement service, (2) extending an official invitation to come to Constantinople like Welby’s visit in 2014, or (3) be an official guest to the Lambeth House like the hospitality Welby extended in 2015. Another possibility is an official announcement or personal communication that signals acceptance of Mullaly’s elevation. Of concern to the Orthodox faithful is whether Patriarch Bartholomew will go a step too far and embrace women’s ordination, whether implicitly or explicitly. Such an ecumenical gesture could inadvertently damage Constantinople’s claim to valid apostolic succession.
Orthodoxy’s opposition to women’s ordination is far from a clear-cut, black-and-white issue. Historically, there has been a female diaconate in Orthodoxy; however, the ordination of women did not extend to the presbyterate or episcopacy—both these offices are essential to the Eucharistic sacrifice. Orthodoxy’s opposition is grounded in Orthodox metaphysics, not in mere cultural conservatism. Alexander Schmemann points to the dogmatic underpinnings of the Orthodox opposition to women’s ordination.
I cannot discuss the problem itself because to do so would necessitate the elucidation of our approach — not to women and to priesthood only — but, above all to God in his Triune Life, to Creation, Fall and Redemption, to the Church and the mystery of her life, to the deification of man and the consummation of all things in Christ. (Schmemann in Harvey 2008)
In other words, women’s ordination would go far beyond a modification of ecclesial structures and lead to a wrecking of the dogmatic underpinnings of Orthodox ecclesiology.
Short of all this it would remain incomprehensible, I am sure, why the ordination of women to priesthood is tantamount for us to a radical and irreparable mutilation of the entire faith, the rejection of the whole Scripture, and, needless to say, the end of “dialogues.” (Schmemann in Harvey 2008)
Where in the West ordination is understood in functional terms and gender difference is viewed as mere surface externality (women are capable of ritual actions just as well as men), in Orthodoxy gender differences carry with it profound implications for anthropology, ecclesiology, soteriology, and cosmology. Differences in gender entail more than differences in external form of the human body. Being rooted in the imago dei, differences in gender point to the profound difference in the existential orientation of men and women towards the world, towards each other, and towards God. Where Western modernity has become untethered from order of creation described in Genesis, Orthodoxy with its adherence to the sacramental worldview and to the Incarnation of the Eternal Logos has continued to honor the male-female distinction established by the divine Creator.
In these unsettled times, what is needed are Orthodox Christians with a solid, unshakable faith who speak boldly with humility and charity, and who avoid unnecessary confrontations. Orthodox Christians need to have in mind the wise admonition in the Epistle of James:
So then, my beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath: for the wrath of man does not produce the righteousness of God. (James 1:19-20; OSB)
Orthodox Christians are called to avoid hastiness, whether in thought or in speech. Mullaly’s elevation to the highest office in the Anglican Communion involves several steps. She was nominated to the office of Archbishop of Canterbury in October 2025. A confirmation of election will be held in January 2026 (Maqbool). The date of her enthronement has yet to be announced. Those who worry about overzealous Orthodox ecumenical enthusiasm should approach the matter soberly and not rush to pass judgment. At the same time, they should be alert for any ecumenical engagements that put Holy Orthodoxy at risk. The Orthodox laity have the solemn obligation, as do the clergy and hierarchs, to safeguard against heresy and innovation.
Should Sarah Mullaly’s elevation to the See of Canterbury become official, many Orthodox Christians will consider this a step too far. In the past, many Orthodox Christians have viewed Canterbury’s claim to apostolic succession with considerable skepticism. The issue for them was not the validity of Anglican orders, but from their failure to keep the Faith. However, the elevation of a woman to this historic office leaves no room for doubt—Canterbury can no longer claim apostolic succession for it has parted ways with historic Christianity. Anglican-Orthodox dialogue has reached an impasse—a situation in which no progress is possible. Ecumenical engagement is premised upon the assumption that the participating parties can find common ground in faith and practice. (To use a medical analogy, there comes a time when any further attempt to resuscitate the patient is futile and the attending physician is obliged to pronounce the patient dead and note the time of death.)

If the basis for commonality is shattered, then a different approach to Christian unity must be taken. Instead of mutual recognition, the alternative is reception. In the reception model of Christian unity, non-Orthodox faith communities seek to be received into Holy Orthodoxy after they have carefully studied and embraced Apostolic Tradition.
We see this taking place in the recent conversion of an entire Evangelical parish in England to Orthodoxy in 2025. (Source) There are reports of Anglican parishes converting to Orthodoxy, although specific details are hard to locate. There have been instances of Anglican parishes converting to Roman Catholicism. In 2011, some 600 laity and 20 clergy became Roman Catholic through the ordinariate established by Pope Benedict XVI. (BBC 2011)

The Faith for all Ages
Anglicanism’s crisis extends far beyond women’s ordination. It includes the abandonment of historic Christian doctrines. David Gilchrist recounts how he converted from Evangelicalism to Anglicanism in the belief that that in the Church of England he had found the historic apostolic Faith. However, his confidence was shattered by the elevation to the episcopacy a priest who denied the historic, bodily resurrection of Christ. This crisis eventually led him to convert to Orthodoxy.
Orthodox readers should avoid triumphalist gloating and instead regard Anglicans troubled over Mullaly’s elevation with compassion. Anglicanism has a rich heritage and many devout Anglicans will be loath to relinquish this venerable patrimony. Nonetheless, some have taken this radical step. If they desire to convert to Orthodoxy, it will be a costly decision. However, if Orthodoxy and the Tradition it presents is the Pearl of Great Price (Matthew 13:45-46), then becoming Orthodox will be deeply rewarding. To become Orthodox does not entail the rejection of Anglicanism, but rather its fulfillment. It is important to remember that England was Orthodox before it was Roman Catholic or Anglican. Prior to the Great Schism of 1054, all Christians were part of the one holy catholic and apostolic Church confessed in the Nicene Creed.

Becoming Orthodox does not mean becoming Greek. It means a return to the Ancient Faith that extends across the entire ecumene embracing both the West and the East. Irenaeus of Lyons, the second century Church Father, wrote:
As I have already observed, the Church, having received this preaching and this faith, although scattered throughout the whole world, yet, as if occupying but one house, carefully preserves it. She also believes these points [of doctrine] just as if she had but one soul, and one and the same heart, and she proclaims them, and teaches them, and hands them down, with perfect harmony, as if she possessed only one mouth. (Against Heresies 1.10.2; New Advent)
Troubled Anglicans need not despair. The universal Church described by Irenaeus of Lyons can still be found today. It has continued to present day in the Orthodox Church.
My advice to troubled Anglicans is that they attend a Sunday service at a local Orthodox parish and experience the ancient worship. My other piece of advice is that they compare present-day Orthodoxy with the ancient Church and see if the Ancient Faith has been preserved to the present day in Orthodoxy. Unlike so much of Western Christianity, they will find that Orthodoxy has been able to withstand the temptations and pressures to accommodate modern culture. In Holy Orthodoxy, they will find shelter from the raging storms of modernity. The Orthodox Church is the Ark of Salvation and her Captain, Jesus Christ, cries out:
Come to Me, all you who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. (Matthew 11:28; OSB)
Athenagoras
References
Aleteia. 2023. “12 Christian leaders to join Pope in ecumenical prayer on vigil of Synod.” 9 September 2023. https://aleteia.org/2023/09/09/12-christian-leaders-to-join-pope-in-ecumenical-prayer-on-vigil-of-synod/
The Archbishop of Canterbury. 2015. “Archbishop and Patriarch Bartholomew hold prayer vigil for refugees.” ArchbishopofCanterbury.org 11 March 2015. https://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/news/archbishop-and-patriarch-bartholomew-hold-prayer-vigil-refugees
BBC. 2011. “Dissident Anglicans leave Church of England.” BBC.com 9 March 2011. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-12685062
Encyclopedia Britannica. “ecumenism.” https://www.britannica.com/topic/ecumenism
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GAFCON. 2025. “Comunique: Solemn Summons to Global Bishops.” Gafcon.org, 14 September 2025. https://gafcon.org/communique-updates/solemn-summons-to-global-bishops/
GAFCON. 2025. “Communique: Canterbury Appointment Abandons Anglicans.” Gafcon.org, 3 October 2025. https://gafcon.org/communique-updates/canterbury-appointment-abandons-anglicans/
GAFCON. 2025. “Communique: The Future has Arrived.” Gafcon.org, 16 October 2025. https://gafcon.org/communique-updates/the-future-has-arrived/
David Gilchrist. 2020. “The Crisis in the Church of England and the Attraction of the Orthodox Church.” Journey to Orthodoxy, 17 August 2020. https://journeytoorthodoxy.com/2020/08/the-crisis-in-the-church-of-england-and-the-attraction-of-the-orthodox-church/
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North America. “Historic Meeting of Pope Paul VI, Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras.” 25 January 2014. https://www.goarch.org/-/historic-meeting-of-pope-paul-vi-ecumenical-patriarch-athenagoras
Geoff Harvey. 2008. “Ordination of Women by Father Alexander Schmemann.” TheGoodShepherd.org 16 April 2008. https://www.thegoodshepherd.org.au/blog/ordination-of-women-by-father-alexander-schmemann
Aleem Maqbool and Paul Gribben. 2025. “Sarah Mullally named as new Archbishop of Canterbury.” BBC. 3 October 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2lxyxqzxkdo
Francis Martin. 2023. “Archbishop Welby joins Pope Francis and global church leaders for prayer vigil in Rome.” 2 October 2023. Church Times. https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2023/6-october/news/uk/archbishop-welby-joins-pope-francis-and-global-church-leaders-for-prayer-vigil-in-rome
Orthodox Christianity. 2025. “Evangelical church in Halifax, England preparing to join Orthodox Church.” 17 February 2025. https://orthochristian.com/167338.html
OrthodoxWiki. 2014. “Ordination of Women.” Last edited 5 September 2014. https://orthodoxwiki.org/Ordination_of_Women
OrthodoxWiki. 2012. “Primus Inter Pares.” Last edited 18 November 2012.
https://orthodoxwiki.org/Primus_inter_pares
Ready to Harvest. 2025. YouTube podcast: “BREAKING: Global Anglicanism Split in Two Today.” [ 7:09] Ready to Harvest 16 October 2025.
Vatican. 2021. “Press Release: Pope Francis, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew and the Archbishop of Canterbury join together for the first time in urgent appeal for the future of the planet, 07.09.2021” https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2021/09/07/0543/01168.html













